Ultimatum 2045

Sources

Source register

Footnote numbers throughout the scenario refer to the entries below. These sources ground the present-day starting conditions — the declared risks of frontier AI, the software-centric military, the strategic-stability literature — not the three speculative futures, which are causal propositions rather than reported fact. External links are identified as such; where a publisher blocks automated access the citation is marked pending a human check, and no URL is invented. Factual claims carry a July 2026 evidence cut-off.

  1. [1]

    The Bletchley Declaration (AI Safety Summit, 1–2 November 2023)

    UK Government and 28 signatory states · 2023

    Signatory states recognise 'potential for serious, even catastrophic, harm' from frontier general-purpose AI, including intentional misuse and problems of control.

    https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023 (external link)

  2. [2]

    International AI Safety Report

    Independent expert panel (chaired by Yoshua Bengio); commissioned at the AI Safety Summits · 2025

    Synthesis of evidence on general-purpose AI capabilities and risks. Site blocks automated access; citation pending a final human check.

    https://internationalaisafetyreport.org/ (external link)

  3. [3]

    The Strategic Defence Review 2025

    UK Government · 2025

    Commits the UK to uncrewed systems at scale and machine-speed targeting integration — the military substrate this scenario couples general intelligence to.

    https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-strategic-defence-review-2025-making-britain-safer-secure-at-home-strong-abroad/the-strategic-defence-review-2025-making-britain-safer-secure-at-home-strong-abroad (external link)

  4. [4]

    Defining Autonomy: Why Software, Not Drones, Will Decide the Next War

    Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) · 2026

    The locus of lethal decision-making is software and integration layers — the channel through which greater general capability would flow into force.

    https://www.csis.org/analysis/defining-autonomy-why-software-not-drones-will-decide-next-war (external link)

  5. [5]

    Technological Evolution on the Battlefield

    Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) · 2025

    Documents ~30-second detection-to-destruction cycles and rapid autonomy adoption in Ukraine.

    https://www.csis.org/analysis/chapter-9-technological-evolution-battlefield (external link)

  6. [6]

    The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Strategic Stability and Nuclear Risk, Volume I

    Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) · 2019

    How AI in early warning, command and control interacts with escalation and nuclear risk — the core mechanism of this site's crisis chapters.

    https://www.sipri.org/publications/2019/research-reports/impact-artificial-intelligence-strategic-stability-and-nuclear-risk-volume-i-euro-atlantic (external link)

  7. [7]

    Autonomous Weapon Systems and International Humanitarian Law — position paper

    International Committee of the Red Cross · 2025–2026

    The prohibitions-and-constraints approach the Concord scenario extends to general-purpose systems.

    https://www.icrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/4896_002_Autonomous_Weapons_Systems_-_IHL-ICRC.pdf (external link)

  8. [8]

    Summary of NATO's revised Artificial Intelligence strategy

    NATO · 2024

    Existing alliance principles — lawfulness, accountability, traceability, governability — that Concord's institutions harden into verification.

    https://www.nato.int/en/about-us/official-texts-and-resources/official-texts/2024/07/10/summary-of-natos-revised-artificial-intelligence-ai-strategy (external link)

  9. [9]

    IAEA safeguards and verification

    International Atomic Energy Agency

    The declarations-plus-inspections model Concord adapts to compute and coupling. Publisher blocks automated access; pending human check.

    https://www.iaea.org/topics/safeguards-and-verification (external link)

  10. [10]

    Arms and Influence

    Thomas C. Schelling (Yale University Press) · 1966

    The classic account of compellence — using threatened force to demand action, not merely to deter it. The theoretical spine of the ransom mechanism. Book citation; no URL.

    ⚠ Exact source URL and independent corroboration required before publication.

  11. [11]

    Reporting on Soviet-era 'Perimeter' semi-automated nuclear retaliation architecture

    Multiple secondary accounts (e.g. Hoffman, 'The Dead Hand', 2009) · 1985–2009

    Reported historical precedent for automating elements of strategic retaliation. Cited as reported practice with contested details; stable citation to be chosen at publication.

    ⚠ Exact source URL and independent corroboration required before publication.